DRO, DRA, and DRI are the three most common types of differential reinforcement in ABA. All three reinforce something other than the problem behavior, but they differ in what gets reinforced: DRO reinforces the absence of the problem behavior, DRA reinforces an appropriate alternative behavior, and DRI reinforces a behavior that cannot happen at the same time as the problem behavior. Here is how each one works, with examples and tips for RBTs.
What Is Differential Reinforcement?
Differential reinforcement means reinforcing one behavior while withholding reinforcement (extinction) for another. In behavior reduction plans, it is used to decrease problem behavior while building appropriate behavior. Implementing differential reinforcement procedures is task D.3 on the RBT Test Content Outline (3rd ed.). For a broader overview, see Differential Reinforcement Procedures in ABA.
DRO vs. DRA vs. DRI at a Glance
| Procedure | What gets reinforced | Example |
|---|---|---|
| DRO (Differential Reinforcement of Other behavior) | The problem behavior not happening for a set time | A token for every 5 minutes without hitting |
| DRA (Differential Reinforcement of Alternative behavior) | A specific appropriate behavior that replaces the problem behavior | Praise and a break when the learner asks “break please” instead of leaving the table |
| DRI (Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior) | A behavior that physically cannot happen at the same time as the problem behavior | Reinforcing hands-in-lap during circle time to replace hand flapping or grabbing |
DRO: Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
With DRO, reinforcement is delivered when the problem behavior does not occur during an interval. If the behavior happens, the timer resets. See the DRO definition in our glossary.
DRO example
Mia hits peers about every 8 minutes during group play. Her BCBA sets a 5-minute DRO: if 5 minutes pass with no hitting, Mia earns a sticker and the timer starts again. If she hits, the RBT blocks as written in the plan and restarts the timer. As hitting drops, the interval is lengthened to 7, then 10 minutes.
Tips for DRO
- Start with an interval slightly shorter than the average time between problem behaviors, as set by your BCBA.
- Watch out for accidentally reinforcing a different problem behavior that happens right before the interval ends.
- Keep a visible timer and record every interval.
DRA: Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior
DRA reinforces a specific appropriate behavior while the problem behavior is placed on extinction. The strongest DRA plans reinforce a behavior that serves the same function as the problem behavior. Functional communication training (FCT) is a common form of DRA. Read the DRA definition.
DRA example
Jayden screams to escape hard tasks. He is taught to hand over a “break” card. When he uses the card, he gets a short break. Screaming no longer leads to a break. Because the card gets him the same outcome as screaming, he has a better way to meet the same need.
DRI: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior
DRI reinforces a behavior that is physically incompatible with the problem behavior, so the two cannot happen at the same time. DRI is technically a type of DRA. Read the DRI definition.
DRI example
A learner runs around the classroom during transitions. The team reinforces walking while holding the RBT’s hand. The learner cannot run away and hold hands at the same time.
How to Choose: DRO, DRA, or DRI?
- DRA is often the first choice because it teaches a useful replacement skill, especially when it matches the function of the behavior.
- DRO can work when there is no clear replacement behavior or the problem behavior is very frequent.
- DRI fits when there is an obvious behavior that physically competes with the problem behavior.
- RBTs implement whichever procedure the supervising BCBA writes into the behavior plan and report any concerns.
Exam tip: If a question asks which procedure reinforces a behavior that serves the same function as the problem behavior, the answer is usually DRA (or FCT). If it asks about reinforcing the absence of behavior, it is DRO.
Differential Reinforcement and Extinction
Differential reinforcement is usually paired with extinction for the problem behavior. When extinction starts, you may see a temporary extinction burst. Learn more in Extinction in ABA.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between DRO, DRA, and DRI?
DRO reinforces the absence of the problem behavior for a set time. DRA reinforces an appropriate alternative behavior. DRI reinforces a behavior that cannot occur at the same time as the problem behavior.
Which differential reinforcement procedure reinforces a behavior that serves the same function as the problem behavior?
DRA, including functional communication training (FCT), reinforces an appropriate behavior that gives the learner the same outcome as the problem behavior.
Is DRI a type of DRA?
Yes. DRI is a specific type of DRA in which the alternative behavior is physically incompatible with the problem behavior.
What is an example of DRO in ABA?
A learner earns a token for every 5 minutes without hitting. If hitting occurs, the timer resets. The interval is lengthened as hitting decreases.
What is DRL?
DRL (differential reinforcement of low rates) reinforces a behavior only when it occurs below a set rate. It is used for behaviors that are fine in moderation, like asking questions, but happen too often.
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