Response Generalization occurs when a learner exhibits a behavior that was not specifically trained but is similar to a behavior that was reinforced. This happens when different responses are made to the same or similar stimuli due to the training of a related behavior. Example A child is taught to say “hi” when greeting people. […]
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Rate refers to the number of times a behavior occurs within a specific time period. It is calculated by dividing the frequency of the behavior by the length of time observed, allowing for a standardized measure of behavior over time. Example If a student raises their hand 10 times during a 30-minute lesson, the rate
A Proximity Prompt is a type of prompt used in teaching where the correct response stimulus is positioned closer to the learner than other stimuli. This subtle change in the environment helps guide the learner toward making the correct response by making the correct choice more accessible or obvious. Example If a teacher is helping
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the addition of a stimulus (a reinforcer) that increases the likelihood that the behavior will happen again in the future. In positive reinforcement, something desirable is added to strengthen the behavior. Example A student completes their homework, and the teacher gives them praise or a reward
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Positive punishment involves presenting an aversive stimulus immediately following a behavior, which decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. In positive punishment, something is added to the environment to reduce an unwanted behavior. Example A child touches a hot stove and feels pain (aversive stimulus). The presentation of the painful sensation decreases
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Permanent Product Procedures involve recording the outcome or result of a behavior rather than observing the behavior as it happens. This method is useful when the behavior leaves behind a lasting or tangible result that can be measured after the fact. Example A teacher wants to track how many math problems a student completes correctly.
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Partial Interval Recording is a time sampling method used to observe and record whether a target behavior occurs at any time during a pre-determined interval. If the behavior occurs at any point during the interval, the observer marks a “+”; if the behavior does not occur during the entire interval, the observer marks a “−.”
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An Operational Definition is a precise, detailed description of a behavior in observable and measurable terms. It defines the behavior so clearly that anyone unfamiliar with the situation can observe and collect data on the behavior accurately and consistently. This ensures that multiple observers can agree when the behavior occurs, increasing the reliability of data
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Non-Contingent Reinforcement (NCR) is a procedure where access to a preferred item, activity, or reinforcer is provided at fixed intervals, regardless of the individual’s behavior. The goal is to reduce problem behaviors by making the reinforcer freely available, thus acting as an abolishing operation (reducing the motivation to engage in the problem behavior to access
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Negative Reinforcement occurs when an aversive stimulus is removed or avoided after a behavior, which increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future. Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by eliminating something unpleasant. Example A child completes their homework early to avoid being scolded by a parent. The removal of
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