Differential reinforcement is a core strategy in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) that helps increase desired behaviors while reducing problem behaviors. Instead of focusing solely on eliminating problem behaviors, differential reinforcement teaches individuals alternative, appropriate responses by reinforcing behaviors that serve the same function.
This technique uses reinforcement schedules (e.g., positive reinforcement like praise or rewards) and may involve extinction (removing reinforcement for problem behaviors). Punishment is generally a last resort and is used sparingly in ethical behavior interventions.
Let’s explore the different types of differential reinforcement procedures and how they work.
1. Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)
What is DRO?
DRO involves reinforcing any behavior other than the problem behavior within a set time period. If the problem behavior does not occur for a specific duration, reinforcement is provided.
Example: If a child engages in hitting to gain attention, a therapist might provide reinforcement for sitting quietly or engaging in a task instead.
Why is DRO effective?
✔️ Encourages the child to focus on appropriate behaviors
✔️ Reduces the problem behavior without punishment
✔️ Helps the individual learn new coping strategies
Key Considerations:
- The time interval for reinforcement should be manageable for the individual.
- If the problem behavior occurs, reset the timer and try again.
- Increase the time interval gradually to strengthen appropriate behaviors.
2. Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)
What is DRI?
DRI reinforces a behavior that is physically incompatible with the problem behavior—meaning the two behaviors cannot happen at the same time.
Example: If a child engages in hand-biting, they can be reinforced for clapping or holding a fidget toy, since they cannot bite their hand while doing these actions.
Why is DRI effective?
✔️ Directly replaces the problem behavior with an appropriate alternative
✔️ Teaches new skills that serve the same function
✔️ Reduces the likelihood of engaging in the problem behaviorKey Considerations:
- The replacement behavior must be functional and appropriate.
- Reinforcement must be immediate and consistent to strengthen the new behavior.
3. Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
What is DRA?
DRA reinforces an alternative behavior that serves the same function as the problem behavior. Instead of eliminating behavior entirely, DRA teaches a socially appropriate way to achieve the same outcome.
Example: If a child hits to get attention, they can be taught to raise their hand or use words to request attention instead. The therapist will reinforce the appropriate request while ignoring the hitting.
Why is DRA effective?
✔️ Helps replace problem behavior with a functional alternative
✔️ Encourages positive communication and social skills
✔️ Strengthens appropriate behaviors without punishment
Key Considerations:
- The alternative behavior must serve the same function as the problem behavior.
- Reinforcement for the new behavior should be more immediate and stronger than reinforcement for the problem behavior.
- Gradually increase expectations for the alternative behavior over time.
4. Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates of Behavior (DRL)
What is DRL?
DRL is used when a behavior is socially acceptable but occurs too frequently. Reinforcement is provided when the behavior happens at a lower rate than before.
Example: A student who calls out too often in class can be reinforced when they limit their responses to a set number per lesson.
Why is DRL effective?
✔️ Helps reduce excessive but acceptable behaviors
✔️ Maintains the behavior at an appropriate level
✔️ Encourages self-regulation and impulse control
Key Considerations:
- Establish a baseline to determine how often the behavior occurs.
- Gradually reduce reinforcement frequency as the behavior decreases.
- Encourage self-monitoring to help individuals regulate their own behaviors.
Final Thoughts
Differential reinforcement procedures are powerful tools in reducing problem behaviors while teaching appropriate alternatives. By carefully selecting and implementing DRO, DRI, DRA, or DRL, behavior analysts, teachers, and caregivers can promote positive behavior change effectively.