Extinction is a behavior reduction strategy used in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) to decrease problem behavior by removing the reinforcement that maintains it. Rather than punishing a behavior, extinction teaches that engaging in the behavior will no longer lead to a desired outcome.

However, extinction is most effective when combined with reinforcement techniques such as differential reinforcement to encourage appropriate replacement behaviors. Additionally, practitioners must be prepared for extinction bursts, where behavior may temporarily increase before it decreases.

Let’s explore the different types of extinction procedures and how they work.

1. Attention Extinction (Planned Ignoring)

What is Attention Extinction?
Also known as planned ignoring, this procedure involves withholding attention or social interaction when a behavior occurs. This is used for behaviors that are maintained by attention, meaning the child engages in the behavior to gain reactions from others.

Example: A child throws a tantrum to get attention from their teacher. Instead of responding, the teacher remains neutral and does not provide attention until the tantrum stops. Once the child engages in appropriate behavior, the teacher provides attention and reinforcement.

Why is Attention Extinction Effective?

• Teaches that problem behavior will not lead to attention
• Encourages appropriate communication for attention-seeking
• Works well when combined with differential reinforcement

Key Considerations:

• Consistency is critical—any attention given during the behavior can reinforce it.
• Reinforce alternative behaviors that appropriately gain attention.
• Ensure safety—this method should not be used for dangerous behaviors like aggression or self-injury.

2. Tangible Extinction

What is Tangible Extinction?
Tangible extinction involves removing access to an item or activity that is maintaining a problem behavior. This is used when a child engages in a behavior to gain access to a preferred object (e.g., toys, snacks, electronics).

Example: A child screams to get a toy. Instead of giving in, the caregiver removes access to the toy until the child engages in an appropriate request (e.g., using words or gestures).

Why is Tangible Extinction Effective?

• Teaches that problem behavior does not result in getting desired items
• Encourages the use of appropriate communication (e.g., asking politely)
• Reduces tantrums and demand-related behaviors

Key Considerations:

• Do not give in—if the child eventually gets the item after engaging in problem behavior, the behavior is reinforced.
• Provide structured access to desired items through appropriate behaviors.
• Combine with differential reinforcement by reinforcing requests and patience.

3. Escape Extinction

What is Escape Extinction?
Escape extinction is used for behaviors that are maintained by escape or avoidance of a task or situation. It involves preventing escape until the child completes part or all of the demand.

Example: A student screams or refuses to complete classwork to avoid doing it. Instead of allowing the student to escape the task, the teacher gently prompts them to complete a small portion, provides reinforcement, and gradually increases the demand over time.

Why is Escape Extinction Effective?

• Teaches that problem behavior does not result in avoiding tasks
• Helps build tolerance for difficult tasks
• Encourages gradual participation in non-preferred activities

Key Considerations:

• Use positive reinforcement for small steps of task completion.
• Be patient—escape behaviors may escalate initially before decreasing.
• Ensure the task is manageable and consider task modifications if necessary.

Important: Escape extinction should only be used under the guidance of a qualified behavior analyst, and physical prompting should be done safely and ethically.

Handling the Extinction Burst

When using extinction, the behavior may temporarily increase in intensity, frequency, or duration before it decreases—this is known as an extinction burst.

Example: A child used to getting candy for whining may whine louder and longer when candy is no longer given. If the parent gives in, the behavior becomes even stronger in the future.

How to Handle an Extinction Burst:

• Stay consistent—giving in reinforces the behavior.
• Prepare for initial escalations—have a plan to ensure safety.
• Use reinforcement for desired behaviors—increase motivation for appropriate actions.

Final Thoughts

Extinction is a powerful tool when implemented correctly. However, it works best when combined with differential reinforcement, antecedent interventions, and positive reinforcement strategies.